③@IRENA©IRENA2024Unless otherwise stated,material in this publication may be freely used,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/or stored,provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyrightholder.Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of useand restrictions,and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before anyuse of such material.1sBN:978-92-9260-599-5CITATION:IRENA (2024),Geopolitics of the energy transition:Energy security.International RenewableEnergy Agency,Abu Dhabi.For further information or to provide feedback:publications@irena.orgThis report is available for download:www.irena.org/publicationsABOUT IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)is an intergovernmental organisation thatsupports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future.It serves as the principal platformfor international co-operation,a centre of excellence,and a repository of policy.technology.resourceand financial knowledge on renewable energy.IRENA promotes the widespread adoption andsustainable use of all forms of renewable energy,including bioenergy.geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solar and wind energy.in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access.energy security andlow-carbon economic growth and prosperity.www.irena.orgThis publication was supported by voluntary contributions from the Governments of the Netherlands andNorway.DISCLAIMERThis publication and the material herein are provided "as is".All reasonable precautions have been takenby IRENA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication.However,neither IRENA nor any ofits officials,agents,data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind,eitherexpressed or implied,and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of thepublication or material herein.The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA.Themention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by IRENA in preferenceto others of a similar nature thatare not mentioned.Thedesignationsemployed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the partof IRENA concerning the legal status of any region,country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,orconcerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.Geopolitics of the Energy TransitionENERGY SECURITYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis report was developed under the supervisionof Elizabeth Press(Director,IRENA Planning and ProgrammeSupport).who co-authored the report with Yana Popkostova and Thijs Van de Graaf (IRENA consultants)with substantive support from Ellipse Rath and Gerald Tagoe.The authors are grateful for the reviews,inputs and support provided by IRENA colleagues Roland RoeschMichael Taylor.Francisco Boshell,Ricardo Gorini,Paul Komor,Imen Gherboudj.Adrian Gonzalez,SibghatUllah,Francis Field,Kathleen Daniel,Stephanie Clarke,Anastasia Kefalidou,Celia Garcia-Banos.JaidevDhavle and Hannah Sofia Guinto.Internal peer review was provided by Caroline Ochieng,Emanuele Bianco,Karsten Sach (IRENA consultant)Michael Renner,Mirjam Reiner,Raul Alfaro Pelico,Safiatou Alzouma and Stefano Marguccio.External peerreview was provided by Andras Rozmer (EEAS).Annabelle Livet (Foundation for Strategic Research).Benjamin Gibson (Orsted).Daniel Scholten (University of Minnesota).Hans Olav Ibrekk (Norwegian Ministryof Foreign Affairs,Section for Energy,Climate and Environment).Holger Klitzing (Federal Foreign Office,Germany),Indra Overland (NUPD),Irina Patrahau (HCSS),Ligia Noronha (UNEP),Olga Khakova (The AtlanticCouncil),Paula Kivimaa (Finnish Environment Institute [SYKE].Piyush Verma (UNDP).Ruud Kempener(European Commission)and Saito Kazuhiko (Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Japan).The report was edited by Steven Kennedy.Design was provided by weeks.de Werbeagentur GmbH.3