International Renewable Energy AgencyREACHING ZERO WITH RENEWABLESCAPTURING CARBONTechnical Paper 4/2021by Martina Lyons,Paul Durrant and Karan Kochhar©IRENA2021Unless otherwise stated,material in this publication may be freely used,shared,copied,reproduced,printed and/or stored,provided thatappropriate acknowledgement is given of the author(s)as the source and IRENA as the copyright holder.Material in this publication attributedto third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions,and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need tobe secured before any use of such material.1SBN:978-92-9260-362-5Citation:Lyons,M.,P.Durrant and K.Kochhar (2021),Reaching Zero with Renewables:Capturing Carbon,International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi.About IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)serves as the principal platform for internationalco-operation,a centre of excellence,a repository of policy,technology,resource and financial knowledgeand a driver of action on the ground to advance the transformation of the global energy system.Anintergovernmental organisation established in 2011,IRENA promotes the widespread adoption andsustainable use of all forms of renewable energy,including bioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solar and wind energy,in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access,energy security andlow-carbon economic growth and prosperity.www.irena.orgAcknowledgementsThis working paper was authored by Martina Lyons,Paul Durrant and Karan Kochhar under the guidanceof Dolf Gielen.The paper benefited from valuable inputs provided by IRENA colleagues Michael Tayloron costs,Simon Benmarraze,Paula Nardone and Josefine Axelsson on NDCs,and Seungwoo Kang andAravind Ganesan on BECCS.The working paper benefited from the technical review provided by Eve Tamme (Climate Principles),Alex Joss (UNFCCC Climate Champions team),Mai Bui (Imperial College London),Sanna O'Connor-Morberg and Kash Burchett (Energy Transition Commission)and Wolfgang Schneider (EuropeanCommission).Valuable feedback and review were also received from IRENA colleagues Herib Blanco,Francisco Boshell,Pablo Carvajal,Remi Cerdan,Paul Komor and Carlos Ruiz.The report was edited byFrancis Field.For further information or to provide feedback:publications@irena.orgDisclaimerThe views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of IRENA.This publicationdoes not represent IRENA's official position or views on any topicThe Technical Papers series are produced as a contribution to technical discussions and to disseminate new findings on relevant topics.Suchpublications may be subject to comparatively limited peer review.They are written by individual authors and should be cited and describedaccordingly.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of IRENAor all its Members.IRENA does not assume responsibility for the content of this work or guarantee the accuracy of the data included herein.Neither IRENA nor any of its officials.agents,data orother third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind,either expressedorimplied,and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein.The mention of specificcompanies,projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended,either by IRENA or the author(s).The designationsemployed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA or the author(s)concerningthe legal status of any region,country.territory.city or area or of its authorities,or conceming the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries